Processing techniques of handle of productivity

Here, P – power teploobrazovanija; With – the coefficient considering features of the architecture of chips; V – a supply voltage; F – clock rate.

By the way, clock rate reduction allows to lower a supply voltage, and reduction of both these parametres according to the resulted formula promotes lowering teploobrazovanija. And it in turn, reduces load on cooling resources that allows to reduce speed of rotation of fans, to lower noise, to save the electric power (essentially in notebooks and servers).

For the sake of justice it is necessary to mark, that is far not all experts divide enthusiasm of adherents of the forced modes, though number of fans of dispersal highly enough.

Possibility of dispersal of the processor is grounded that the majority of processors have enough the big technological store providing the guaranteed performance level of all released series.

Appropriate technological spares of productivity often have also units of videoadapters (video chips and video memory chips), dynamic storage and hard disks. This store can be realised in the course of individual selection of an optimum behaviour of maintenance of dispersed units.

Despite aversion many experts and computer corporations of such phenomenon as dispersal, possibilities of handle of productivity continues to win popularity, increasing number of the supporters. Corporations-manufacturers of motherboards, carrying out the activity in hard competitive struggle, could not ignore opinion of potential buyers. For this reason appropriate functions are supported by the majority of their products.

Selecting the optimal motherboard by criterion of presence of functions of dispersal, it is necessary to estimate a number of the features providing implementation of given specific modes.

First of all, it concerns a band of operating frequencies of buses of the processor (FSB) and memories, and also step of their change. The matter is that, as a rule, modern processors have the fixed frequency coefficient defining internal frequency of operation of a kernel (kernels) of the processor through frequency of bus FSB. Therefore dispersal is usually carried out by increase in frequency of the bus of processor FSB. Thus it is necessary to consider, that the increase in frequency of the bus of the processor is quite often accompanied by respective alteration of frequency functional modes of other accessories.

And still units of dynamic storage and videoadapters are exposed to dispersal. Really, some copies admit substantial growth of clock rates, for example on 20–50 %.

As to processor dispersal, how it was marked above, it is reached usually by increase in frequency of the bus of processor FSB. However its growth in some cases is accompanied by change of a functional mode of a hard disk. For support of a safe operation and saving of the information for it does not follow considerably (more than 10 %) to increase clock rate of the bus of hooking up.

By the way, the modern qualitative motherboards released by manufacturers of a top level, allow to operate with buses of the processor, the videoadapter and hard disks independently from each other. It raises flexibility of customisation and allows to optimise operation of each of subsystems. It is carried out by individual selection of appropriate parametres at usage of all accessible resources.

Speaking about frequency customisations, it is necessary to mark, that the important characteristics, defining razgonnyj motherboard potential, smooth change of power of a kernel of the processor, and also power supply of DRAM units and video buses of type PCI Express or AGP is. Thus it is considered admissible increase in level of power of a kernel of the processor at 5–10 % (in qualitative products) at control support over temperature modes of maintenance of units.

It is necessary to mark, that for extremal modes at which maximum increase of productivity is reached, it is required considerably bolshee the increase in feeding powers quite often reaching of 20 %. Nevertheless, for support of maximum levels of dependability and safe ekspluatatsy it is expedient to abstain from modes with the raised levels energopitanija.

Change of frequency and powers can be carried out as by means of appropriate switches and crosspieces in motherboards of the previous generations, and program — in BIOS Setup. Certainly, the dispersal which is carried out by software, is much more convenient, as simplifies procedure of a choice of the modes providing maximum computer power. Thus, using possibilities of processing techniques of type SoftMenu in BIOS Setup, it is not required even to open a computer system unit. All operations on dispersal and the control over the installed parametres are carried out in appropriate BIOS Setup choices.

Hardware support of the given possibilities is carried out by the special chains setting frequency modes of the main subsystems. One of circuits of creation of clock rates for the main subsystems of the computer is resulted in a Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. A variant of the circuit of creation of clock rates for the main subsystems of the computer

For flexible handle of productivity designers create the different variants, allowing change of possibilities of change of the coefficients setting a relation of frequencies of buses of the processor, memory and, probably, the videoadapter.

Change of frequency modes is carried out by means of the motherboards of special resources built in the architecture. Chips PLL concern their number (phase-locked loop), realising in the structure current-controlled or power of generators (VCO — Voltage Controlled Oscillator), carrying out constant tracing of a phase of an input signal. Such generators use for handle of frequency. On the motherboard chips PLL uses for creation of several frequencies.

One of examples of implementation PLL, used, by the way, in motherboards of such known manufacturer as Gigabyte, is resulted in a Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. A variant of implementation of the circuit of chip PLL

Electronic chains with hardware-software change of the frequencies submitted on the main subsystems of the computer, provide ample opportunities for handle of productivity and energopotrebleniem.

Clock signals changed on frequency move on the component of a chip set fulfilling functions North Bridge through which administration in high-speed parametres of the processor is exercised, units of dynamic storage, videoadapter.

The most perfect complex variants of hardware-software handle allow also rather smooth change of levels of feeding powers and the time parametres, defining operation of units of a subsystem of dynamic storage.

As an example it is possible to result a number of the processing techniques used in motherboards of company Gigabyte, being one of leaders of the given sector of the market.

Speaking about controls it is necessary to mark such innovation as the dynamic dispersal providing automatic change of clock rates depending on change of computing load. Such resources provide growth of clock rates at increase in load and reduction — at its lowering that improves thermal modes of maintenance of accessories. As an example it is possible to result processing technique C.I.A. 2.

Processing technique C.I.A. 2 (CPU Intelligent Accelerator) carries out dynamic change of frequency of the processor (more precisely, FSB) and supply voltages depending on current loading. The choice of one of dispersal modes is possible: Disable, Cruise, Sports, Racing, Turbo, Full Thrust. Each of modes defines a band of a gain of clock rate.

One more tool of rise of computer power are firm resources of improvement of operation of a subsystem of memory. As an example it can be considered M.I.B. 2 (Memory Intelligent Booster 2), created Gigabyte and allowing to optimise operation with dynamic storage at the expense of the registration of characteristics of known chips/units. As show results of testing, besides increase in clock rates processing technique Memory Intelligent Booster 2, really, will involve the mechanisms promoting increase of capacity of the bus of memory.

It is necessary to add, that the specified processing techniques are supplemented with a set of firm utilities from the same manufacturer of motherboards. Their structure includes program EasyTune 5 (and-or the newest EasyTune Center) for monitoring of system parametres and dispersal realisation (a Fig. 3). For users well change of frequency and a factor of the processor, a factor for memory, frequencies of bus PCI Express and a supply voltage of the processor, memory and the southern bridge of a chip set, but in smaller limits, is rather than accessible from BIOS. And still it is necessary to mark customisation of modes in SmartFan: it is possible to select a band of a rotating speed from 0 to 100 % and temperature corresponding to boundary values.

Fig. 3. A choice of parametres C.I.A. 2 and an example of operation EasyTune 5

Certainly, in many models Gigabyte are available also appropriate resources of rise of clock rates of video subsystems. For example, in BIOS Setup of some models there are the parametres defining efficiency of processing technique Robust Graphics Booster. The essence of this processing technique is reduced to that by means of a choice of one of three modes — Auto, Fast, Turbo — the user has possibility to increase frequency of operation of a graphics kernel and graphics memory of a videocard.

And it is finite, in BIOS Setup numerous parametres of rough and-or thin customisation of effective operation of the main subsystems are provided. Change of frequency modes, supply voltages concern them, tajmingov memory modules, handle of fans, etc .

Considering firm hardware-software resources, it is necessary to recollect and some features of the architecture of motherboards. They allow to expand bands of handle and to increase functionality. Really, specialised chips together with a chip set provide support of firm processing techniques. And in some cases at the expense of careful study of the architecture and design of the card it is possible to weaken the limitations superimposed by chip sets, being, as a matter of fact, a basis of motherboards.

As an example it is possible to result Intel P965, 533/800/1066 MHz calculated for the processor bus . However on this chip set company Gigabyte has released models of motherboards not only correctly working with the processors which bus has frequency of 1333 MHz, but also supporting for them also dispersal functions. In addition to it with a chip set of Intel P965 it was possible even to expand possibilities of a video subsystem.

Video subsystem support is carried out by presence of two конструктива PCI Express Х16 plugs and appropriate interfaces (a Fig. 4). Switching of lines is carried out by means of two special chips (PCI Express Switch), integrated into structure of the architecture of the motherboard.

Fig. 4. Implementation of a pattern with two videocards in the systems created on chip set IntelP965

In a pattern with two videocards support of processing technique ATI CrossFire — clone of processing technique SLI is provided . It allows to expand possibilities of a video subsystem essentially.

The first slot supports a high-speed mode х16. The second — not above х4. This slot is divided. It divides the common lines with PCI slots Express x1. As a result of its usage eliminates possibility of operation of arrangements PCI Express x1., that often is not critical, the considerable quantity of controllers is already integrated into motherboard structure. Changing number of videocards and parametres of their customisation, it is possible to change productivity of a video subsystem in a wide band of values.

Estimating the resulted solutions, it is necessary to mark, that the given browse does not apply for entirety. The spectrum of the firm processing techniques oriented to optimisation of computer possibilities, of course, essentially is wider.

In summary it is necessary to remind once again, that the choice of the optimal motherboard is very important stage. At this stage possibilities of the future computer are quite often pawned. And firm equipment rooms and software can essentially help with their extension.

At article preconditioning book substances have been used
«Motherboards and chip sets. 4 izd. PC anatomy». — SPb.: Peter, 2007. — 368с.