However, despite productivity substantial growth, the modes linked to necessity of usage of high values of power of a kernel of the processor, cannot be recommended for mass usage. Such modes are extremal and represent danger to working capacity of the processor. Nevertheless, it is necessary to mark, that there are examples of a continuous duty of the computers which processors work and at the tighter modes, for example, at power of a kernel of the processor 2 V.No it is faster an exception, than a rule.

The received results of testing prove presence of the considerable technological store existing for processors of Intel of Pentium III which architecture is constructed on the basis of application of kernel Coppermine and usage of the 256-bit cache memory of the second level functioning on frequency of a kernel. Considerable increase of productivity proves possibility and expediency of usage of moderate modes of dispersal at adequate resources of hardware-software cooling, and also the control by means of the built in resources of hardware monitoring (http://rudteam.narod.ru).

Similar results are observed and for processors of a line of Intel Celeron with kernel Coppermine which dispersal allows to increase considerably productivity of the systems created on the basis of these units.

However possibilities of increase in productivity of computers are not limited in the specified way to the enumerated processors. As well as it was mentioned above, the technological resource accepting dispersal of units, to the greatest degree appears for the first representatives of the bar of the processors created on the new architecture with usage of perspective processing techniques and tehprotsessov that it is possible to observe, for example, for processors of Pentium 4 with kernel Willamette. So cases when processors of Pentium of 4 1,7 GHz steadily worked long time on frequencies 2,2 and even 2,4 GHz, for example, are known   .

Long time successes in development of the electron technologies which have found the incarnation in processors, communicated mainly with activity of experts of the corporation of Intel. Their processing techniques and remarkable products not in a small degree promoted perfection of the architecture of computers, growth of their productivity and their wide distribution practically in all spheres of human activity. However this corporation, being one of founders of the computer industry and its indisputable leader already during three tens years, makes the big impact on development of branch not only through the hi-tech products, but also through development and implantation of numerous standards. It providently patents their majority, that is powerful, but the lawful tool in hard, competitive struggle against other manufacturers of computer accessories. Usage of the patented developments is regulated by developed enough mechanisms of licensing that provides possibility of lawful usage of these developments with other corporations and protect the rights of the proprietor to reception of the share of profit for usage of the ideas. It allows not only to compensate the spent resources, but also to put a part in new researches. However the same mechanism of protection of the rights gives the chance to limit a circle of users, not admitting in their number of ideas of competitors objectionable and dangerous to the proprietor. As an example of similar developments it is possible to result the patented standards of hooking up of processors Slot 1 and Socket 370, and also processor buses GTL + and AGTL +. Their usage is limited by existing licence agreements.

Not having possibility to take advantage of the specified developments, the competitor of the leader AMD corporation has found the original solution from the added lockup which was not allowing it to release modern, competitive products, grounded on application of the newest computer processing techniques.

As a result of the durable researches AMD corporation not only has developed the bar of powerful processors, but also has essentially changed the traditional architecture of the computer, having inserted perspective alternative specifications on the processor bus and the standard of hooking up of processors. Moreover, these changes of a steel not only revolutionary for the architecture of computers, but also have rendered beneficial influence on the common productivity of systems, essentially having pressed on a computer Olympus of the leader — Intel corporation.

The new processor bus has allowed AMD corporation, not breaking existing patent limitations to make technological break. Calculation has been made on bus Alpha EV6 developed in due time by DEC corporation (Digital Equipment Corporation) for high-powered processors Alpha and licensed for the products of type Athlon (K7) by AMD corporation. This bus used as the new bus of processors (FSB), provides data transfer on both fronts of clock pulses (double-data-rate — DDR).

Fig. 8. The data transfer organisation through processor bus FSB GTL +/AGTL +

Fig. 9. The data transfer organisation through processor bus FSB Alpha EV6

Processing technique DDR used in processes of data transfer increases capacity, optimises informational streams in system, providing, eventually, considerable growth of productivity of all computer. At clock rate of 100 MHz bus FSB Alpha EV6 named usually FSB EV6, and sometimes as DDR FSB or FSB DDR, provides data transfer with frequency of 200 MHz. It distinguishes it from traditional bus GTL + and its improved modification of bus AGTL +, used with processors Celeron, Pentium II and Pentium III, Intels created and released by the corporation. It is necessary to remind, that for these buses the transmission frequency of data coincides with clock rate FSB.

Matching of processor buses AGTL +/GTL + and Alpha EV6

Thus, capacity of bus FSB EV6 twice above buses GTL + and AGTL +. It reduces down time of the processor expecting voiding of the bus, carrying out data transfer on the doubled frequency, for realisation of a new cycle of reading/writing. Besides, transfer rate rise through the processor bus promoted more effective operation of a subsystem of dynamic storage. Especially it concerns the systems created with usage of rather new type of dynamic storage DDR SDRAM. Data transfer of memory modules DDR SDRAM is carried out similarly Alpha EV6, that is on front and back fronts of clock pulses that leads to doubling of a stream and the pass-band extension.

It is obvious, that all specified circumstances are mirrored in the common computer power, providing its considerable gain at transition from bus GTL architecture +/AGTL + to Alpha EV6.

In addition to the new bus, by analogy to processors of Intel of Pentium II, Celeron (kernel Covington and Deshutes) and Pentium III (kernel Katmai) AMD corporation has developed the variants of the processor card and the processor plug named Slot A. Further in the course of perfection of the architecture and the production of processors linked to transition from processing technique of 0,25 microns to 0,18 microns, AMD corporation, as well as Intel corporation, has transferred the cache memory of the second level (L2) from the processor card on a processor chip, having banked in uniform tank of a chip of the processor cache memory L2 with a kernel. It promoted growth of capacity of cache memory L2 and productivity of processors, and also lowering of the cost price of production of processors. The given products unlike their predecessors created in konstruktive of a cartridge with Slot A plug , are delivered in tanks of type PGA. As a result motherboards under processors of this type contain the special plug — PGA-socket, named Socket A and containing 462 contact electrodes.

From the main features of the specified products it is necessary to mark, that the powerful processors oriented to sector High End have 128 Kbytes of the cache memory of the first level (L1) and 256 Kbytes of the cache memory of the second level (L2). The kernel architecture has been named Thunderbird. Processors with a kernel of the given architecture, also as well as their predecessors created in konstruktive of a cartridge under Slot A plug , have received name Athlon. Thus in case of processors with kernel Thunderbird are meant AMD Athlon, released under Socket A.

Processors AMD Duron fulfilled, as well as AMD Athlon with processor kernel Thunderbird, on 0,18 microns of processing technique, differ from more powerful prototypes only in the size of the cache memory of the second level. For AMD Duron the size of this memory makes 64 Kbytes that was, of course, mirrored in their productivity not to the best, however has provided comprehensible level of the price of products of this class.

It is necessary to mark, that processors AMD Athlon and AMD Duron, at least, their first models have practically identical architectures, and also equal frequencies of operation of bus EV6. However in view of smaller size of the cache memory of the second level (L2) on productivity processors AMD Duron considerably concede to more powerful colleague.

Processors AMD Duron are oriented to the sector of cheap computers traditionally occupied with computers with processors of Intel Celeron. However, as practice shows, processors AMD Duron, unlike the competitors, thanks to higher transmission frequency of data (DDR) through the processor bus show more high efficiency at much smaller price.

Because of arresting of a frequency factor speeding up of operation of processors is carried out usually at the expense of increase in external frequency — frequency of the bus of processor FSB EV6. At all advantages the high operating frequency of the bus of processor EV6 creates certain difficulties for its further rise in modes of dispersal of processors AMD.

Features of processor bus EV6 and the architecture of the motherboards grounded on widespread chip set VIA Apollo KT133, despite an existing considerable technological store for processors AMD Duron, as well as for processors AMD Athlon (Thunderbird), do not allow clock rate substantial growth. Applying this method, it is necessary to consider boundedness of the given resource for dispersal. Usually this frequency manages to be raised no more than on 10-15 % concerning standard value. Nevertheless, this increase in frequency is accompanied by equivalent growth of productivity of the processor and, accordingly, all computer. Results of this growth are similar to that has been described for Intel processors.

It is necessary to mark, that possibility of dispersal is characteristic feature not only the processors oriented to sector Low End, but also more powerful representatives of processors, for example, such as AMD Athlon, fulfilled on the basis of kernel Thunderbird. Results of dispersal of processors AMD Duron and AMD Athlon (Thunderbird) in the system created on a basis mother card Gigabyte GA-7ZM (chip set VIA Apollo KT133, processor Socket A plug , standard clock rate of 100 MHz FSB DDR), are presented in following tables.

Results of testing of system with processor AMD Duron

Results of testing of system with processor AMD Athlon (Thunderbird)